Research and Statistical Method for Business- myassignmenthelp

Question: Examine about theResearch and Statistical Method for Business Research. Answer: At the point when a business needs to comprehend the usefulness of its framework and structure, it investigates to assemble data utilizing measurable methodology. Exploration is an observing quest for truth Hair, Wolfinbarger, Money, Samouel, and Page (2015). The examination onion created by Saunders in 2007 is a basic apparatus for depicting the exploration strategy (Saunders, Lewis, Thornhill, 2015). Business research has a few interrelated segments that look to anticipate and clarify wonders in business by social affair, breaking down, deciphering, and announcing data to educate dynamic. A useful business research examines a wide scope of components including individuals, frameworks, and how they cooperate. Business examination can be formal or casual, however it ought to be replicable, and the advantages ought to exceed the cost (Hair et al., 2015). Contingent upon the components rousing business research, the exploration can either be applied or essential business research. All things considered, this paper examines the philosophy utilized in business research with a contextual analysis of De Witte et al. (2010) who examined the relationship of representatives impression of quantitative and subjective occupation frailty with work fulfillment, and mental misery in the Belgium banking part. Test Size De Witte et al. (2010) tested fifteen thousand workers from a populace of 69,000 bank representatives in Belgium speaking to about 21% of the absolute workers. An example size that is dependable and legitimate ought to permit the analyst to sum up the discoveries of examination from the example of the populace being inspected (Sekaram Bougie, 2016). In this way, the example size should be a dependable gauge that intently mirrors the populace boundaries with insignificant mistake. Generally, no example size can be bigger than the example populace, paying little mind to the likelihood inspecting strategy. Ordinarily, the example size is a component of the changeability in the populace, the exactness required, certainty level, and the examining method utilized. The degree of accuracy and certainty wanted by the examination decide the example size. In any case, a populace size that is excessively enormous or too little is an issue and may prompt Type II mistakes suggesting that the analyst may acknowledge the discoveries of the investigation, when in truth the result ought to be dismissed (Sekaram Bougie, 2016). That is, an example size that is too enormous may arrive at centrality levels driving the specialists to accept that the critical relationship in the example is valid for the populace when the probably won't be in actuality. In this manner, there is no example size excessively enormous or too little that enables an examination to extend. Proficiency is accomplished when an example size can be diminished or increment for a given degree of accuracy. Sekaram and Bougie (2016) demonstrate that the dependable guideline as created by Roscoe in 1975 recommends that: An example size that is bigger than 30 and under 500 are fitting for most examinations. Tests that are partitioned require at least 30 for each of the subsamples (senior/junior, female/male, and so forth). Multivariate examination requires an example size that is a few times as extensive as the quantity of factors. Basic test research with controls can make progress with an example size that is just 10 to 20 in size. Different elements affecting the decision of the example size incorporate the total or relative example size, time and cost, non-reaction, heterogeneity of populace and sort of investigation (Bryman Bell, 2015). In research, it is unquestionably the size of an example that is significant and not the relative size. Regularly, the bigger the examples size, the higher the exactness up to an example size of about 1000. Past the 1000 imprint, the degree of accuracy eases back down and levels which sets aside a few minutes and cost a matter of less concern. Of significance to our contextual investigation is the issue of heterogeneity of the populace. Heterogeneous examples are profoundly changed when contrasted with homogenous examples; accordingly, the more noteworthy the heterogeneity of a populace, the enormous the example should be Bryman and Bell (2015). With regards to the variables talked about up to this point, the example size of our contextual analysis (15000) was vital. The cross-sectional investigation testing 63 banks the nation over were to a great extent heterogeneous subsequently requiring a huge example. The examination is additionally multivariate and hence requires a huge example as per the thumb rule. Despite the fact that the huge example size may influence accuracy, the discoveries can be dependable and can be summed up. Examining Method The respondents in De Witte et al. (2010) were chosen haphazardly with no specific layer. At the end of the day, the investigation utilized a basic irregular testing method. A typical model is drawing pool tickets from a holder. In the event that all the tickets have a similar size and surface, blending the tickets in the holder totally gives each wager ticket an equivalent possibility at getting drawn. In this manner, on the off chance that an example size of fifty is required, at that point the procedure of determination must be rehashed multiple times after the principal withdrawal. Arbitrary inspecting is the most straightforward testing strategy in light of the fact that there is just one phase in choosing the example (Zikmund, Babin, Carr, Griffin, 2013). This kind of inspecting configuration best applies to the generalizability of discoveries of a whole populace (Sekaram Bougie, 2016). Be that as it may, Simple irregular inspecting may not be the best if the examination spendi ng plan is tight and the assets are constrained while the quantity of subjects is huge or is scattered geologically; this would make it costly. The issue of cost and generalizability are of significance to the thought straightforward irregular testing. The procedure of irregular examining is nearly freed of human inclination in research. Determination of individuals to meet for an occupation posting isn't made on the benefits of looking well disposed or congenial; the choice is totally mechanical (Bryman Bell, 2015). In addition, the representatives don't need to be accessible in the working environment for them to be met the procedure isn't subject to their quality and can be directed away from the meeting. Determination is made without the interviewees information since they possibly become mindful of their choice when they are reached with the news. Proportion of Variables The benefits of measure can be analyzed utilizing a few different ways that are determined to speak to ideas of sociology. In any case, conversations on legitimacy and unwavering quality of measures can possibly delude, and it would believe that every single new proportion of the idea are experiencing thorough examination to guarantee that legitimacy and dependability of the measure. Most estimations are normally attested, clear yet with small testing to guarantee dependability and legitimacy. For example, examining face legitimacy and inward unwavering quality when different marker measures have been inferred. Be that as it may, numerous instances of idea estimation make no further testing yet legitimacy and unwavering quality are identified with the way that legitimacy goes before dependability inferring that an untrustworthy measure is additionally not legitimate. The measure ought not vary; in the event that it does, at that point, it very well may be solid and legitimate on the grounds that it may contain various factors on various events. An absence of inward unwavering quality suggests that a different pointer measures can't be legitimate on the grounds that it estimates at least two unmistakable components. Besides, if the inside perception isn't reliable, it implies that the eyewitnesses can't concur on their perception which makes the measure invalid. The contextual investigation of De Witte et al. (2010) estimated four factors, in particular: quantitative employment uncertainty, subjective occupation frailty, work fulfillment, mental pain, and the control factors. Every factor was estimated utilizing a methodology remarkable to the variable. The legitimacy and unwavering quality of the measures are reliant on the capacity of the ways to deal with giving responses to the relative examination question. A pilot study is led to the test the legitimacy and dependability of a poll before it tends to be confided in directing the study. The structure of the poll should express an unmistakable presentation and overview purpose(Hair, Wolfinbarger, Money, Samouel, Page, 2015). The measures for the situation study had been tried and utilized in other related examinations. For example, the four things measure for quantitative professional stability variable had been utilized by De Witte in 2010; the subjective employer stability measure had b een created by in 1989 by Ashford, Lee, and Bobko (Hair et al., 2015). In this way, the investigation can be duplicated and summed up. Assortment of Data on Social Demographics The assortment of segment information in the study is a significant exercise that demonstrates significant individual data about the respondent that encourages the scientist to order the example size as per the age contrast, sex, instructive level, salary status, and word related position. Socioeconomics are attributes of the populace. The reason if the segment in the study configuration is to permit the analyst to evaluate who ought to be remembered for the review and how to outline the overview reaction information into thorough member groups(Bryman Bell, 2015). The choice on who ought to be reviewed is impacted by the primary subject of the examination. For example, for the situation study, the specialist may verify that lone respondents inside a specific age breaking point or pay status will be overviewed. Or on the other hand the specialist may choose to limit to respondents with a specific degree of training or occupation position. The segment information provides an obvious guidance to figure out who will partake in the overview. Endless supply of the study, the information can be separated into classes of information in regards to the segment data (Saunders, Lewis, Thornhill, 2015). Once more, utilizing the case of the contextual investigation, the specialist can choose to bunch the reactions from a person with secon

Hung Nguyen Essays - Philosophy, Metaphysics, Existentialists

Hung Nguyen ENGL 20803 Dr. Lacefield Unit 4 The Curious Case of Benjamin Button The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, in view of the 1922 short story of a similar name by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is an American dream movie coordinated by David Fincher in 2008. In the film, Benjamin Button, played by Brad Pitt, is a man who was conceived as an old man however gets more youthful all through time. His story is described in a New Orleans emergency clinic, where his affection enthusiasm for an incredible duration, Daisy Fuller, played by Cate Blanchett, is experiencing her last second. Newborn child Benjamin with a frightening appearance was left by his dad outside of a nursing home, where he was received by Ms. Queenie. From that point, he grew up and me t his adoration, Daisy, fo r the first run through, when she visited her grandma. The whole film enlightens us concerning Benjamin's unordinary turn around maturing experiences, his relationship with Daisy, and the individuals around him, which depict an inconceivable life he has. Through the span of The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, David Fincher investigates the way of thinking of Sartre's contention with the other, Heidegger's being toward death, and Hamlet's three existential clashes. The Sartre's way of thinking is referenced all through the film in primary charact er's life as well as others'. This way of thinking comprises of genuineness and how we characterize ourselves because of others ( Lacefiel d ) . The primary portion of the film rotates arou nd the life of Benjamin, who experienced childhood in an old man appearance however with a spirit of a youth. Despite the fact that the specialist analyze that Benjamin will bite the dust soon, he figures out how to grow up and carry on with his life , in opposition to everybody's desire. He needs to go out and find the world; yet he can't walk , so he use s supports to support him. At the point when he can walk, he doesn't let his state of being keep him from heading off to the bar, having a wild night, and landing the position of as a mariner. This period has been depicted effectively with the capable acting, make-up, and PC gener ated symbolism (CGI) that speak to the credibility pe rfectly. Brad Pitt depicts the mental procedure of how a young person 's considerations stow away underneath that old look, how the kid can't comprehend what's going on with him and endure incredible torment, and how Benjam in remains consistent with himself even with others' bias about him. Other than Benjamin, the executive likewise builds up Sartre's way of thinking in other characters' lives. When functioning as a mariner, Benjamin finds out about the commander's fantasy of b ecoming a craftsman and how his dad offended that youth d ream. The chief at that point uncovers and shows Benjamin howdy s body loaded up with tattoos, present ing that he had sought after his fantasy and turned into a tattoo ar tist. The way of thinking says that T he Other is frequently a snag to my realness and we characterize ourselves in light of others ( Lacefield ). Since the chief's dad was the snag be tween him and his fantasy, it beco me s the inspiration for him to continue following this fantasy. He figures out how to be bo th a tattoo craftsman and a mariner, so as to characterize and respons e to the other people who he truly I s. Other than Jean-Paul Sartre, Martin Heidegger is likewise a scholar whose thoughts regarding passing are investigated in this film. Heidegger says that our mortality is a principal part of our reality, and we should perceive the ramifications of our own mortality so as to live most truly ( Lacefiel d ) . In The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, Benjamin ha s a period living on the ocean in the World Wa r II, where his boat experiences a submarine of t he foe. After the battle, he I s one of t he just hardly any individuals left who are as yet alive. He understands that passing appears t o be normal in war. In his discussion with Ms. Queenie later, his mom recognizes clearly the agonies Benjamin has seen . Be that as it may, she additionally observe s the delights in his excursion. Truth be told, the torments that fighters endure in war is frequently the

Hints For Choosing Thematic Essay Samples<|endoftext|>

Hints For Choosing Thematic Essay SamplesStudents need to be armed with a variety of samples when they are composing a thesis or thematic essay. This is because there are many different subjects that students might need to write about, and it will be wise to use a wide range of themes that they might not use on their own. When writing the necessary research for the topic of the thesis, students should be prepared to research a wide range of sources to see what they have learned. This research should be valuable to the thesis statement and will enable the writer to put together a full-fledged essay without falling prey to any of the common errors that students commit.For this reason, it will help students in doing research to carry two or three varieties of essay samples with them so that they can write several drafts for each of the issues that they need to address. Of course, students should include essay samples in their syllabi, but they should be able to refer to the examples in the different parts of the paper so that they can see what they are writing about without any problem. The suggestions for composing thesis statements or thematic essays can also be utilized to enhance a student's writing skills.There are a number of strategies that can be used to enhance a student's abilities when writing a thesis statement or an essay for thematic essays. One of the most effective methods for preparing for these types of essay assignments is to make use of the theme of the topic. In order to take advantage of this method, students should always know where they are going before they start on the task of writing the essay.There are several ways to achieve this end, one of which is to take a look at the whole subject as a whole. By doing this, students will get a feel for the kind of world they are working with and will be better able to see how they will deal with the various factors that may be involved in the writing of a thesis. By getting a feel for the nature o f the topic first, they will be able to overcome any problems that might be faced by them in working out the best thesis statement for the project.However, if it is not possible to make use of the whole topic as a whole to achieve this, there are still ways to make use of it to create a thesis statement that will serve the purpose. One way is to study the issue that is of most importance in the thesis that the student is working on. The importance will depend on the type of issue that the student has found and so will be included in the thesis that the student is creating.Another strategy is to consider a particular topic that might be of interest to the student. It is important for students to remember that they must use an entire theme in the writings of the thesis statement. In fact, students will be well advised to make use of the theme and some of the thematic essay samples that they may use when they are writing a thesis.There are some templates that can be used to help studen ts when they are studying various thematic essay samples and coming up with the best theme that will reflect the theme of the thesis. They will find that there are templates available online that have already been developed and that students can make use of. Of course, it will be beneficial for them to research them so that they will have a good idea of how they should design the thesis statement to make it reflect their topics of concern.After all, it will be the student who will be responsible for coming up with the ideas for the project and coming up with the proper research that will give students the credit that they may have been seeking. By reading over the writings of others and by working out the theme of the thesis based on various theses, students will have a good idea of how they should go about their thesis writing. If they are taking a lot of classes, they will find that they can also use the various theses in their own writing of the thesis.

Figurative Language And The Language - 1305 Words

â€Å"He ate and drank the precious words, His spirit grew robust† (Dickens, 1587). This is a beautiful, visual representation of one finding pleasure from what they are reading. Thus, there are different types of linguistic phenomena, one of which is figurative language. It is a person’s way to saturate the mind with profound thoughts centered around its meaning. It has an interesting background, covers a wide array of literary devices, is applied within different types of writing, and people employ these devices within their daily language. Figurative language is a constructive way to communicate ideas using expressions, unlike its opposite idea which is literal interpretations. â€Å"Figurative language, in comparison, uses exaggerations or†¦show more content†¦There are a few different literary devices found within figurative language. The most common types of writing including literature and poetry this is where most figurative languages are found. â€Å"At the end of the 19th century, the American rhetorician John F. Genung described this literary device as an â€Å"intentional deviation from the plain and ordinary mode of speaking, for the sake of greater effect† (Oxford, 2017). However, by the late 20th century the American critic Joseph T. Shipley changed the meaning of figurative language when he perceived that, â€Å"Figures are as old as language. They lie buried in many words of current use. They are the backbone of slang. They occur constantly in both prose and poetry† (Oxford, 2017) . Then another change of perspective happened around the year 1970 when â€Å"figurative language† started to consist of â€Å"figures of speech†. This resulted in a transformation from the linguistic deviation it once was. Therefore, â€Å"Many types of figurative language are used in English writing, which includes similes, metaphors, idioms, hyperbole, personification, irony, and more† (Comstock). Hyperboles change the concept expressed and are not meant to be taken literally while they still create humor. Metaphors involve applying the description to a phrase in reality that is not applicable while still using the words like or as. Personification that is used within figurative language increases the readers understanding of what the writer wants toShow MoreRelatedFigurative Language854 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Figurative Language Introduction Figurative language is used to create a special effect or feeling. It is characterized by figures of speech, language that compares, exaggerates, or means something other than what it first appears to mean. A figure of speech is a literary device used to create a special effect or feeling by making some type of interesting or creative comparison. This paper will define and give examples of ten types of figurative language. Types of Figurative Language AnRead MoreFigurative and Literal Language1866 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Figurative Literal Language Literal language is important because there are instances where its precision and clarity are necessary to understanding a person or a situation. Figurative language additionally has its place as literal language may not do the situation justice in the magnitude or impact of the expression. Especially in times where people from different backgrounds are conversing, figurative language may serve as a common ground for understanding, but at the same time figurativeRead MoreThe Abstract Of Figurative Language Essay1674 Words   |  7 Pagesgeneralizations of poetry, and not all poems are pragmatic nonsense so I must clarify. When I speak of poetry and art, I am speaking specifically about the figurative language used within them--language that disallows its readers to create internal representations. Going by representational theory, and a modernist approach, figurative language in poetry would fail to be perceived and would not present its â€Å"unique truth,† and thus be â€Å"bad art.† The representational theory states that for every uniqueRead MoreFigurative Language Versus Literal Language1545 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish language is known as being one of the most difficult languages to learn. There are many reasons for this, a major factor being the use of figurative language. Since the English language is packed with figures of speech is can be very confusing to truly comprehend what someone is trying to get across. This doesn’t just go for the new comers to the English language but also to native English speakers. Throughout this paper I will define and give examples for ten different types of figurative languageRead MoreFigurative Language Essays1135 Words   |  5 PagesFigurative Language and Imagery ENG 340 Creative Writing Whenever you describe something by comparing it with something else, you are using figurative language. Figurative language is the use of language to describe something by comparing it to something else. It serves many linguistic purposes. It allows people to express abstract thoughts. It creates tone and communicates emotional content. The ability to use figurative language in writing can make a poem or story more enjoyable for the readerRead MoreHangman Figurative Language907 Words   |  4 Pagesare present at the event, but choose to not take part in it. They often feel remorse for the sufferer, yet would not lend a hand in fear of becoming one. In â€Å"The Hangman†, a narrative poem by Maurice Ogden, and Eve Bunting’s â€Å"Terrible Things†,figurative language is used to emphasize the significance of bystanders. These literary devices help develop several cruel yet irrefutable themes. In summary, Maurice Ogden’s poem tells the tale of a Hangman who methodically terminates an entire town withoutRead MoreBraveheart Figurative Language1522 Words   |  7 Pages Wu 1 Raymond Wu Instructor: Ian Patrick Cresswell English 100 – 03 22 March 2016 MLA Braveheart Speech: In-depth Analysis Regarding Figurative Language Braveheart is a historical drama epic film from 1995. The film was nominated for ten Academy Awards and won five. The film is non-fictional and depicts the events of William Wallace, a Scottish hero who led the Scots during the First War of Scottish Independence against England. However, despite the historical inaccuracies cited by criticsRead MoreFigurative Language In Literary Texts997 Words   |  4 Pagesparticular, poetry, can evade translation through their culture-specific and figurative language, as well as language origin. It will also explain how other texts, particularly non-fiction, lend themselves more easily to translation due to the literalness they contain, enabling the original to be brought over to a new language more or less word-for-word. This essay will argue that, whilst the use of figurative language in literary texts is more resistant to translation, the use of a suitable translatorRead MoreFigurative Language Versus Literal Language1154 Words   |  5 Pa geswhy it is very important to use words in the correct grammatical order, correct context and exact language. The power of words affects our senses, thinking, feelings creativity and the way we think. 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Time Management

Gender Stereotyping Is A Pervasive Issue Across Different...

Introduction Gender Stereotypes are fixed assumptions about the traits of women and men, their capabilities, and how an individual should behave based on their gender. (Gender stereotype, n.d.alleydog.com) Gender stereotyping is a pervasive issue across different countries and cultures, whether acknowledged or not. The occurrence of stereotyping is usually based on the categorization of an individual as a member of a social group, the traits that are associated with this social group, and the judgment and behaviours towards the individual. (Blair, 2002) Literature Review Children can be easily influenced at an early age to acquire gender stereotypes by factors such as the individual’s environment, interactions with peers from school, authoritative figures such as parents and teachers, and the media. A United States study with ten-month-old children found that at this age could already detect gender-related categories (Levy and Haaf 1994). This is why it is essential for parents to be aware of the child’s environment and the type of parenting roles and skills that the child is able to observe everyday in a household. Case in point, according to the social learning theory (Bandura 1977), parents are role models for gender stereotypes through their own behaviors, occupations, and hobbies, implicitly influencing gender-stereotypical behaviors in their own children (McHale et al. 1999). The children may have a high possibility of imitating what the parents haveShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Music On Our Country Today1661 Words   |  7 Pag es Music in today’s day and age has the ability to be a very pervasive form of media. There is an indisputable truth that media has the ability to effect the masses. But, the effect of music and the message it is sends to its listeners is not always a positive one. I am aiming to describe how sexism in music is an epidemic in our country today. 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Explain the security risks and protection mechanisms involved in web performance free essay sample

Hackers: A hacker is someone who finds weaknesses in a computer or computer network, enters, and modifies or/and steals data this could slow down performance very much or even completely halt it. Viruses: A computer virus is a computer program that can replicate itself and spread from one computer to another. The term virus is also commonly, but erroneously, used to refer to other types of malware, including but not limited to adware and spyware programs that do not have a reproductive ability. Viruses can damage and/or decrease the performance of the machine they â€Å"infect†. Phishing: Phishing is the act of attempting to acquire information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details (and sometimes, indirectly, money) by masquerading as a trustworthy entity from Amazon. Identity theft: Identity theft is a form of stealing someones identity in which someone pretends to be someone else by assuming that persons identity, typically in order to access resources or obtain credit and other benefits in that persons name. We will write a custom essay sample on Explain the security risks and protection mechanisms involved in web performance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Website defacement: Website defacement is an attack on a website that changes the visual appearance of the site or a webpage. These are typically the work of system crackers, who break into a web server and replace the hosted website with one of their own. Degradation of performance: Machines make our life easier, and technology makes it luxurious. But even technology is bounded by certain barriers. Busy network, with heavy traffic is a common problem. Hardware and software can also cause you troubles at any time. Your processor speed and data storage might also pose as a problem for degradation of your system’s performance. Solutions for Security Risks Hiring efficient employees: Your human resource management need to be expert in choosing good business analysts, system administrator, programmers, database administrator, testers and system designers. Technology: You must be updated with all the new technology and software that are coming into the market. You need to adopt those for the best results to derive out of your website, besides helping it stay away from any sorts of malicious attacks, and virus attacks. Good anti-virus and turning on firewalls will diminish the chances of getting your systems attacked. You must also regularly install new updates that are available for your computers. Spywares and malwares are also important to keep your systems safe: Firewalls are basically virtual gates that only allow authorised programs acces data. It sets up a gateway and only allows authorised traffic through. Incoming data is inspected and only allowed through if it is legitimate. This is done by opening and closing ports. The security policies on the firewall block certain types of scripts running on the user’s computer so that it will prevent hackers and certain viruses from damaging the system. Anti-Virus software is for locating and deleting viruses and preventing them from damaging the system. It must be installed on all the bussiness computers ,and also updated regularly , because new viruses are developed all the time. Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is a cryptographic protocol that provides communication security over the internet. Choosing more complicated passwords for example instead of choosing your dogs name as your password you should include upper and lower case letters and numbers this should improve overall security.

Explain How to Achieve the Balance of Child-initiated Play and Adult-led Activities free essay sample

As introduced into the Foundation Phase children benefit greatly from child and adult-led play, getting the right balance is imperative to successful learning and teaching. As a child’s brain development is highly influenced by their play helping all children learn and develop, child and adult- initiated learning must take place. Adult-initiated teaching and play is based on adult knowledge and experience and is a way of fun teaching, and a way of controlling what a child learns. Child-led learning is led by the child and has a massive advantage on attitude to learning. It is a way a child can learn and play through experiences. First-hand experiences let pupils develop kind and sympathetic emotions of themselves, their peers, and the world that they live in. Child initiated play allows a child to make their own choices, use creativity and imagination and gives them independence in what, where, when and who to play with. We will write a custom essay sample on Explain How to Achieve the Balance of Child-initiated Play and Adult-led Activities or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It allows a pupil to take risks, solve problems and make decisions.Adult initiated play involves the organisation of the environment surrounding learning and play to ensure that the pupils get full access to an extensive range of stimulating activities and resources to investigate and explore. Being able to accomplish a successful routine will ensure that pupils have adequate time to achieve their own goals and thoughts and to progress into their own self-initiated play. Ensuring the development of an emotionally safe environment in which the pupils can feel confident to express their feelings, thoughts, and ideas without the fear of getting things wrong, is also an important factor.Using judgement and facts regarding pupils and their capabilities, whilst providing an extensive amount of playing equipment such as water, paper, sand, wood, and many other products will allow a balance of widespread learning and maximum exploration in child and adult-led play. We can always support a child without interrupting their play.â€Å"Decades of research has shown that play is crucial to physical,intellectual, and social-emotional development at all ages.This is especially true of the purest form of play: the unstructured,self-motivated, imaginative, independent kind, where childre n initiatetheir own games and even invent their own rules.†Dr. David Elkind

Addressing the Impacts of Undergraduates Engagement in Community Service on Stakeholders

Addressing the Impacts of Undergraduates Engagement in Community Service on Stakeholders Introduction Background Information Community service as a concept has gained popularity throughout the world for various reasons. Perold Rahmat (1997:14) are of the view that this concept is gaining popularity in discourses taking place throughout the world. This is especially the case in community development discussions.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Addressing the Impacts of Undergraduates’ Engagement in Community Service on Stakeholders specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Bryant West (2011) views community service as service or activity that â€Å"..is donated or performed by an individual or a group of individuals to benefit the community† (p. 82). The aim of community service is to benefit members of the public or the various institutions that are found in a contemporary society. It is noted that not every individual who provides community service can be referred to as a volunteer. This is a common misconception among members of the public. It is not everyone who is contributing to the wellbeing of the community is doing so at their own free will. This is given the fact that the individual may be compelled to provide community service by various factors. Such an individual cannot be conceptualised as a volunteer. However, those who provide community service on their own volition with the sole aim of benefiting members of the society and the various social institutions can be regarded as volunteers (Hustinx, 2005: 530). So what are some of the reasons that compel someone to provide community service? According to Jones Hill (2003: 539), there are various reasons why one may feel compelled to provide community service against their will. For example, the government may require some people to provide community service as a policy. This is for example when military officers are required to provide humanitarian assistance to members of the public during war. Another r eason may be an order from the court especially for those criminals who are serving their sentence on probation. A school may also require the students to provide community service before they graduate. These are just some of the various reasons that may compel someone to provide community service against their will.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Jehan (2004: 297) opines that recent developments in the world today have greatly affected community service. For example, globalisation has made the community so complex such that several communities around the world are dependent on each other. This being the case, community service in one community may have impacts on another society in a different part of the world. The issue of interdependence among communities is especially significant given the fact that globalisation has created a situation whereby limited r esources have to be shared by the various communities around the world (Jehan, 2004: 297). As a result of globalisation, it is noted that community service requires the engagement of various stakeholders in the society. This is given the fact that a single sector or a single segment of the society cannot effectively meet the requirements of community service in a given society (Hustinx, 2005: 526). Collaboration between various stakeholders such as businesses, schools and such others is needed to improve the welfare of the community. So what are some of the benefits of community service? According to Vermeulen, Nawir Mayers (2003: 12), both the community and the person providing the service stand to benefit from community service. For example as far as the individual is concerned, community service leads to a sense of pride and satisfaction after helping the needy (Dwayne Palmer, 2006: 399). The individual feels needed and feels that they have contributed to the wellbeing of the s ociety. Community service also fosters a sense of responsibility on the part of the volunteer or the person providing the service (Bednarz et al., 2008: 92). The person feels indebted to the community and feels that they have a duty to perform. It is noted that community service strengthens the community benefiting from the service. For example, a business enterprise providing free medical services to the members of the community improves the overall health of the whole community (Altman, 1995: 529). As the volunteer gets to interact with other members of the community, a sense of tolerance develops between the members of the community and the volunteer. This is especially so in regions such as Africa where ethnic and tribal animosity is rife. A volunteer should ideally provide services to all members of the society without discriminating on the basis of ethnicity or other differences.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Addressing the Impacts of Under graduates’ Engagement in Community Service on Stakeholders specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is important to note that as much as the community and the individual stands to benefit from community service, there are various challenges facing the provision of this service in a given community (Bebbington Farrington, 1993: 202). The challenges vary through time and space. This means that they vary from one community to the other and from one time or period to the other. Such challenges may include the resistance on the part of the members of the community. The members of the community may resist help from outsiders even when it is obvious that such help is to their own benefit. For example, a country in Africa may decline humanitarian help from a Western nation claiming that such assistance may threaten the sovereignty of the country. Another challenge may be resistance and lack of cooperation on the part of the community service prov iders. A case in point is when students resist providing community service when it is made mandatory by the school management. It is also noted that community service may be threatened by lack of funds which will hamper the ability of the organisation or the individual to provide such services. A case in point is when there is lack of donor funding to support famine relief programs in Africa. Problem Statement As already noted in this paper, community service can be provided by different individuals and organisations from within and without the target community. This may include businesses providing community service as part of their corporate social responsibility program, faith based organisations as part of their outreach program or individuals interested in giving back to the community (Booth, 2006: 13). A university is such an organisation that may find it necessary to provide community service as part of its academic and professional program. The university may require the stu dents to participate in community service before they graduate. This is for example when the department of dentistry requires the trainee dentists to participate in dental camps organised in the community to provide members of the community with free dental services. Other activities in which the students may participate include planting trees, cleaning, caring for the needy among others.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Perold Rahmat (1997) are of the view that universities in Africa have embraced community service as a program and strategy aimed at addressing various problems facing such an institution. For example, the universities may require the students to engage in community service in order to gain practical experience as far as working within the community is concerned (Cooke Kothari, 2001: 13). The universities may also participate in community service as part of the institution’s efforts to give back to the community. According to Perold Rahmat (1997: 15), advocates of community service are of the view that such a program can be used by the university to address various issues facing higher learning. To this end, advocates of such a program are of the view that community service benefits not only the community but also the student and the institution as a whole. The community benefits by having its welfare and wellbeing of its members improved while the student benefits by gaini ng working experience among other benefits. The university on its side is able to establish and sustain working relationship with the members of such a community as a result of the community service (Wilson, 2011: 19). One is able to identify the various stakeholders involved in community service in Africa by analyzing the benefits that community service provided by a university has. The stakeholders in such a case may include the students, the university, the government and the community as alluded to above (Mobley, 2007: 129). Out of all these stakeholders, it is noted that the university students who are participating in community service are perhaps the main beneficiaries of such a program. As already indicated in this paper, the students acquire professional skills as a result of their participation and they may also be earning in the process (Perold Rahmat, 1997: 15). This is for example when the students are financed by various donor agencies to participate in community serv ice. It is noted that youths actively advocate for community service programs in African universities. This is perhaps given the fact that they have come to realise that they are the main beneficiaries of such programs. Authors cite the example of the annual South African Students’ Congress (also referred to as Sasco) held in 1996 which passed a resolution supporting compulsory community work for all students in institutions of higher learning (Perold Rahmat, 1997: 16). According to the resolution passed by the students, community work should be in line with what the student is studying in the university. For example, a Social Work student may be involved in the provision of free social services to street children in the cities. The South African National Youth Commission also advocates for a program targeting university students in the country. The commission is of the view that such a program can be used as a creative strategy to finance higher education in South Africa (H ellebrandt, 2008: 222). The commission proposes that students who cannot meet their higher education expenses can collect credits by providing their services to the community. The discourse above illustrates a university-community development partnership in Africa. This is where the university and the community come together to improve the welfare of the members of the society. This paper is going to address the university-community partnership in Africa. The author is going to specifically address the impacts of undergraduates’ engagement in community service on stakeholders as far as Africa is concerned. The researcher will adopt a literature review methodology which will involve a critical review of literature that found in this field. The aim of such a critical literature review is to organise the knowledge base that is found in this field by identifying the various agreements and disagreements among authors and scholars. The literature review will also identify knowledge gaps in the field and propose areas for future studies. Research Objectives This study will have one main research objective and several specific objectives. The main objective is the overall aim and goal of the study. The main objective will be attained by addressing the various specific objectives. The main and specific objectives are as listed below: Main Objective To address the impacts of undergraduate engagement in community service on stakeholders as far as university-community partnership in Africa is concerned. Specific Objectives Analyse the various stakeholders in university-community partnership in Africa Analyse the various impacts of undergraduates’ engagement in community service on the various stakeholders in Africa Analyse the various strategies adopted by universities in providing community service in Africa Analyse the various benefits of community service provided by universities in Africa Analyse the various challenges affecting the impacts of undergrad uates’ engagement in community service in Africa Analyse the various strategies that can be used to improve the quality of community service provided by universities in Africa Provide recommendations for universities in Africa regarding university-community development partnerships in the continent Research Questions Like research objectives, this study will have a major research question and various specific research questions. It is important to note that the research questions are related to the research objectives. This is given the fact that by answering the research questions, the researcher will have addressed the objectives of the research. Major Research Question What are the various impacts of undergraduates’ engagement in community service on the stakeholders as far as university-community partnership in Africa is concerned? Specific Research Questions Who are the various stakeholders in university-community partnership in Africa? What are the impacts of u ndergraduates’ engagement in community service in Africa? What strategies are used by African universities to provide community service? What are the benefits of community service provided by universities in Africa? What are some of the challenges facing community service provided by universities in Africa? How can universities in Africa improve the quality of community service provided? Which areas of university-community partnerships in Africa can benefit from future research? Thesis Statement Undergraduates’ engagement in community service has various impacts on stakeholders as far as university-community partnership in Africa is concerned Methodology As already indicated in this paper, the author is going to use critical literature review as a research methodology. To this end, the researcher is going to identify the findings of various studies in this field and try to identify the various agreements and disagreements between the various authors. One major advanta ge of critical literature review as a methodology is the fact that the study benefits from the various perspectives of different authors in the field. A major weakness of the methodology is the fact that it generates no new knowledge in the field. All the researcher does in critical literature review is reorganise the knowledge that already exists in a given field. The researcher will identify articles from journals, books and such other academic sources that address the issue of university-community development partnership. Several criteria will be used to select articles that will be included as sources in this study. For example, all the articles must come from academic or professional journals that are peer reviewed or from books. This criterion is aimed at providing credible sources for the study. Another criterion has to do with the fact that all the articles must address the issue of community service in the society. This criterion is aimed at providing this author with artic les that are relevant to the topic of the research. All the articles should also be written in English. However, this criterion does not exclude those articles that were originally written in another language but translated later to English. Scope and Limitations of the Study Overview It is noted that it is not possible to carry out a single study that is capable of addressing all the aspects of a given research topic. This being the case, it is important for the researcher to identify the boundaries within which the study will be conducted. Delineation of such a boundary helps the researcher in focusing the study. The issues that will be covered by the study are separated from those that will not be addressed. This reduces ambiguity and lack of clarity in a given study. This study is not different. It is noted that the study has various limitations that may affect the quality of the findings if not addressed. The limitations can emanate from within and from outside the study. Follo wing is a list of the scope and limitations of the study. The researcher will provide strategies to address the limitations where necessary. Scope and Limitations of the Study The study will be limited to community service provided by universities in Africa. Community service from other agencies such as businesses will not be considered The study will be limited to university-community partnerships in Africa. Such partnerships in other countries outside Africa will not be considered for the study It is also noted that the study will be limited to the participation of undergraduate students in community service. Participation from other stakeholders in the university such as lecturers and the university administration will not be the main focus of this paper The study will use information from other studies conducted in the field before. This means that the study will not generate primary data. To uphold the integrity and quality of the study, the researcher will use stringent measu res in selecting the literature that will be used for the study Significance of the Study At any given time, there are a number of studies which are being conducted in a given field. This being the case, any new research or study that is being conducted in the field has to be justified. The study can be justified on the basis of the value that it is going to add to the field. Following is an outline of the significance of this study in this field: The findings of this study will help African universities in identifying the benefits of community service and the challenges facing such programs. This will help them improve such programs in the future The findings of this study will also help universities in other parts of the world to improve their partnership with the communities by learning from the African experience The findings of the study will help policy makers such as government agencies, community based organisations and such other agencies interested in community developme nt identify the importance of university-community partnerships in Africa. This will help the policy makers come up with policies that will support such partnerships in the future Summary In this section, the author introduced the reader to the various aspects of the study that will be conducted later in the paper. Major aspects of the study were highlighted. The researcher started by providing background information on the topic. This was followed by problem statement, research questions and research objectives, methodology of the study, scope and limitations of the study and finally the significance of the study. The following section will provide information on the theoretical framework that will be used. Theoretical Framework Introduction In this section, the writer will provide information on the theoretical framework that will be used for this study. The researcher will use the participatory theory to critically analyse undergraduates’ engagement in community service i n Africa. It is noted that there are various models or theories of participation that are to be found in this field. Most of these theories are borrowed from political participation literature and adapted for participation in the context of community development. The researcher will highlight some of these theories and provide the main assumptions and arguments of the theories. Theoretical framework is an important aspect in any given research. This is given the fact that the assumptions of the theory guide the researcher in conducting the study. By analyzing the various provisions and assumptions of a theoretical framework in the field, the researcher is able to explain and analyse what they observe when conducting the study. Theories are also important since they are used in organising knowledge in a given field in a coherent manner. This makes it easier to retrieve and access the knowledge stored in such a field. Participation in Community Development: Theoretical Models Overview According to Andrea (2000: 28), participation is a very important aspect of community development. Given the fact that university-community participations are aimed at developing the community, it is noted that community development theories are applicable in such a case. Such a community development theory is the one addressing participation in development activities in such a community. According to Chambers (2007: 23), there are various factors that affect participation of various stakeholders in community development activities. These may include the form of motivation that such individuals are receiving, the socio-psychological orientation of the participants among others (Hartslief, 2005: 12). Community Development Participatory Models As already indicated earlier in this paper, there are several participatory models explaining the level and intensity of participation among stakeholders. These models can be borrowed and adapted from political participatory models found in pol itical science literature. Following are the major participatory models that can be applied in the field of community development specifically university-community partnerships in Africa: The Mobilisation Model of Community Development Participation According to this participation model, it is assumed that stakeholders in community development participate in the activities as a result of the availability of opportunities in their surroundings (D’Exelle Riedl, 2008: 12). As far as political participation is concerned, individuals can only participate in political activities such as elections if they are presented with opportunities to do so. In the context of community development, mobilisation participation model holds that an individual will participate in community development if such an opportunity is made available to that individual (Edmunds Wollenberg, 2002: 244). For example, a student will only participate in community service activities if they are provided with th e opportunity to do so. To this end, universities should ensure that they provide the student with the chance and opportunity to participate in community development through community service. This is perhaps the motivation behind the Congress for South African Students cited earlier when members proposed that community service programs should be mandatory in all institutions of higher learning. By making community service mandatory, the university will effectively provide the student with an opportunity to participate in community development (Perold Rahmat, 1997: 100). Mobilisation model theory also stipulates that individuals participate as a result of stimuli from other persons around them (Colby et al., 2011: 55). As far as political participation is concerned, it is noted that people will participate in politics as a result of persuasion and influence from other people around them. The same can apply to community development participation. Individuals may participate in commu nity service as a result of influence from other people. In other words, students in African universities can participate in community service if they are motivated by other people around them. The university can provide such motivators to the students. Community Development and the Social Psychological Model of Participation According to Hellison (2009: 28), stakeholders such as the youth can resist community service for various reasons. It is also noted that there are various strategies that can be used to resist community service or participation in community development activities. This is for example individual rebellion, collective action such as demonstrations among others. Social psychological model of participation can be used to explain such extreme behaviours. In politics, the model can be used to explain political uprising and mass actions such as the ones experienced in Egypt, Libya and other African countries. This theory provides that individuals are utilitarian actor s who are able to analyse the costs and benefits of various actions (Ugochi, 2007: 27). They can analyse the benefits and costs that are associated with their participation in community service activities and they will act based on this analysis. If the student feels that they will not benefit from community service, they are bound to resist and rebel against efforts made to compel them to participate in such activities (Horm Warford, 2003: 144). It is also noted that the individual is an actor who subscribes to a network of social norms and beliefs (Ferraiolo, 2011: 100). It is this network which provides the individual with internal and external motivations to act in a given manner. It is the reason why a student will support calls to make community service mandatory to all students in higher learning institutions in South Africa given the fact that they are tied to such students’ bodies. Participation in Community Service and The General Incentives Model of Participation According to Gillette (1985: 373), there are people who participate in community development with a lot of intensity than others. This is for example those students who will organise community service activities and lobby their teachers and students to join them. The general incentive model can be used to explain such observations. In the context of politics, the theory can be used to shed light on high- intensity forms of participation in political activities. This is for example running for office, campaigning, canvassing and such other activities. In the context of participation in community development and specifically through community service, it is noted that stakeholders need incentives to participate in such activities (Vermeulen, 2005: 34). However, it is noted that we should consider a wider array of such incentives as opposed to limiting ourselves to individual incentives that motivate the stakeholder (Vermeulen et al., 2003: 12). This model is somehow similar to the mot ivation model given the fact that the stakeholder needs a push to participate in community service. There are various forms of incentives that will motivate a stakeholder to participate in community service (Goulding, 2009: 38). A university should be aware of such incentives to ensure that they are put in place where necessary to encourage students’ participation in community development. Such incentives may include the satisfaction that the stakeholder derives from such participation, the recognition that they get among others (Osvaldo Gustavo, 2011: 29). Addressing Impacts of Undergraduates’ Engagement in Community Service in Africa Overview In this section, the researcher will critically analyse issues surrounding the impacts of undergraduates’ participation or engagement in community service in Africa. Among the issues that will be covered include the impacts of such an engagement on stakeholders, the challenges facing such an engagement and strategies use d by universities in community development among others. Stakeholders in University-Community Partnerships in Africa Before looking at the various benefits of community service by university students, it is important to first identify the various stakeholders that are involved in university-community partnerships in Africa. It is after identifying such stakeholders that we can then look at what each of them stands to gain from undergraduates’ engagement in community service. The following are some of the stakeholders: The Student This is perhaps the most important stakeholder in university-community development partnerships (Timms et al., 2005: 9). It is the students enrolled in various departments in the university who are involved in community service most of the time. For example, Perold Rahmat (1997: 102) cites the case of the South African Students’ Congress which was advocating for mandatory community service for all students in institutions of higher learning i n South Africa. From this analysis, we can conclude that the student has a very important role to play in university-community partnership. The student is the link between the university and the community in this partnership. The University As much as one would like to argue that the undergraduate is the most important stakeholder in university-community partnerships in Africa, it is important to note that the student cannot exist or carry out their duties without the support of the university. It is the university which gives such a student the mandate and the authority to provide community service in the society (Hewson et al., 2010: 12). When the members of the community interact with the student during community service sessions, they see the student as a representative of the particular university that they are coming from. This being the case, it can be argued that the university is an equally important stakeholder in the university-community partnership in Africa. It is the u niversity administration which provides the students with transport, finance and other facilities that are needed in carrying out community service. It is also the university which is tasked with the duty of equipping the student with the skills that are necessary in carrying out community service (Long, 1999: 23). The Community It is noted that the community is the major beneficiary of community service provided by the university through the students (Platteau Gaspart, 2008: 34). The participation of the community is very important in community service. It is important to ensure that the members of the community are involved in the process of identifying their needs and coming up with possible solutions to their problems (Shortall, 2004: 120). According to Chambers (2007: 41), it is important to ensure that community service activities are not imposed on the community by the university and the students or any other agency involved in community service. This is given the fact that when that happens, the community is likely to resist such efforts in effect neutralising the intended benefits. This is despite the fact that the community service endeavours may have been tailored to benefit the community and not the student or the university. Impacts of Students’ Participation in Community Service in Africa on Various Stakeholders As already indicated earlier in this paper, there are several impacts of students’ participation in community service in Africa and elsewhere in the world. It is noted that the impacts may vary from one stakeholder to the other depending on the form of community service that is being offered. One thing that has not being noted is the fact that the participation of students in community service can have both negative and positive impacts on the various stakeholders (Madzivhandila, 2005: 3). The impacts on the various stakeholders will be analysed in detail here: Impacts on Students One of the positive impacts of community s ervice on students is the fact that they gain professional experience from their participation (Ribot, 1999: 34). Take the case of a medical student who is about to graduate. Going to the village and providing medical services gives them an idea of what it is like to work in a real life situation It is also noted that participation in such endeavours leads to a sense of satisfaction on the part of the student. The student feels that they have done something useful for the community and this increases their sense of responsibility (Ribot, 2005: 89) It is noted that participation in community service may have financial benefits for the student. This is for example when the student gets paid to perform extra community service or when they perform community service in exchange for credits to finance their higher education However, it is also important to note that participation in community service may have various negative impacts on the student in Africa. For example, participation ma y take a lot of the student’s time. This is time that could have been used in other activities such as reading for an exam (Arnstein, 1969: 222) At times community service may be irrelevant to the student. This is especially so if the student is involved in community service in an area that is not related to what they are studying in school. This may also happen when the student is compelled to perform community service in order to graduate (Sithole, 2005: 177) Impacts on the University Participation in community service has several impacts on the university as an institution of higher learning in Africa. One of the major positive impacts is the establishment of links between the university and the community within which it is located (Andrea, 2000: 18) However, the participation of undergraduates in community service may be expensive on the part of the university. This is especially so if the type of community service the university is involved in is capital intensive (Tim ms et al., 2005: 2). This is significant given that most of the universities in Africa are underfunded Student participation in community service may also enhance the quality of education that is offered by the university. This is given the fact that the education is not only theoretical but also practical. This being the case, the status of the university as far as potential employers are concerned is enhanced Impacts on the Community The welfare of the community is enhanced when the university engages such a community in a university-community partnership initiative. For example, the health of the members of the community improves when the university provides free or affordable medical services to them (Durham, 2004: 600) Participation of undergraduates in community service may lead to what Platteau Gaspart (2008: 1) refer to as ‘elite capture’. This happens when a few members of the community hijack the services provided by the university and excludes other member s of the society. This will in effect lead to community development that is skewed in favour of a few members of the society or the elite Improving University-Community Partnerships in Africa Having looked at some of the benefits and costs of community service as far as university-community partnership in Africa is concerned, it is now important to look at various strategies that may be used by the various stakeholders to improve the partnership in Africa. We can analyse this by looking at some of the key features of a successful university-community partnership in Africa and elsewhere in the world. The following are some of the features: Using Faculty Work to Improve the Welfare of the Community According to Wilson (2011: 21), higher learning institutions using university-community partnerships to engage the community must start by analyzing the importance of such a partnership in achieving the mission and objective of the university. To this end, it does not benefit the universit y or the community for that matter to engage in community service activities that are seen as ‘dumbing down’ the agenda of the institution (Wilson, 2011: 21). As one step towards improving the quality of community service offered by their faculty members and students in general, the university should review the intended community service activities and how they are related to the objectives and mission of the university. Understanding and Respecting the Community A unique feature of students’ participation in community service is the fact that the activities bring together students and members of the community drawn from different racial and ethnic backgrounds (Vermeulen, 2005: 65). This being the case, there is need for the university and the students to respect and appreciate the unique culture of the community within which they are providing community services. A successful community service program is marked by this respect and understanding. It is noted that more often than not, universities make their way into the community and start imposing programs on that society. This is especially the case when universities from the western nations are involved in a university-community partnership with communities from the African continent. Such a university may enter such an African community with what Wilson (2011: 23) refers to as a â€Å"know-it-all† attitude. Such a university will practically force the community to adopt the policies that are proposed by the so called ‘know- it- all’ partner. Wilson (2011: 22) provides the university wishing to improve the quality of community service with a strategy calculated to gain acceptance from the target community. The author is of the view that the university should first immerse itself fully into the target community before initiating engagement. This will make the community accept the university and thus support the activities of such an institution. Africa may be regarded as a backward and primitive continent by many students who are not aware of the diversity of communities in this continent. Such students may be stereotypical when engaged in community service in African communities. This will compromise the community service activities initiated by universities in this continent. Establish Long-Term and Sustainable Partnerships with the Community Wilson (2011: 24) notes that a successful university-community partnership is not an â€Å"episodic phenomenon†. It is not something that develops overnight. On the contrary, such an engagement is â€Å".programmatic, research-based and more often than not long term† (Wilson, 2011: 24). Most communities in Africa are plagued by challenges and problems that have accumulated over the years as a result of negligence from the rest of the world. This is for example problems brought about by colonisation and exploitation of resources by the western nations (Colby et al., 2011: 56). These are some o f the challenges that are addressed by university-community partnership initiatives in Africa. For example, such an initiative may be addressing rampant poverty in Africa which has been brought about by interplay of factors such as bad governance, exploitation, illiteracy among others. To better address such challenges in Africa, the universities should adopt a long term strategy as opposed to a short term form of intervention (Bednarz et al., 2008: 88). As already noted, the problems did not develop overnight. This being the case, a strategy aimed at addressing these challenges should also be long term just like the challenges themselves (Dwayne Palmer, 2006: 400). As a step towards building long term engagements with the community, it is noted that the university should seek the collaboration of other agencies in community development. These are agencies such as the government, faith based organisations and other non-governmental organisations (Osvaldo Gustavo, 2011: 25). It was mentioned earlier in this paper that recent developments in the word such as globalisation and the rise of technology has changed the community completely. This is especially so for African communities which were under the rule of colonialists for a very long time. This being the case, the challenges that are facing these communities cannot be effectively tackled by one agency alone. This is the reason why the university requires other strategic stakeholders to ensure that the university-community development partnership is sustainable (Booth, 2006: 13). Types of Community Service Programs Initiated by University-Community Partnerships in Africa Community service programs take various forms in Africa. The following are just some of these forms of community service programs: Volunteer Service Programs According to Perold Rahmat (1997), a volunteer is a person who takes community service as a form of extra-curricular activity. The volunteer is involved in community service during ho lidays or when they are not having classes in the case of a university student. In volunteer programs, the student is expected to perform general tasks and not necessarily tasks that are related to their academic field. This means that volunteer programs are not taken as part of class work by the university. The student engaged in volunteer community service is not paid. However, it is noted that the university may fund the activities of the volunteer but this should not be taken as payment on the part of the volunteer student (Bryant West, 2011: 85). Work-Study Programs According to Hustinx (2005: 530), this is a form of program that combines studies and working at the same time. For example, the student may be involved in assisting their lecturers in conducting research, teaching other students among other things. A major aim of work-study program in African universities and other universities around the world is to support the student financially. This is especially so if the ad ministration feels that the student is bright but is needy and cannot afford the tuition fees. This is one way of giving back to the community on the part of the university. Placements A well known form of placement program is internship. Internship has become part of the curriculum in many universities in Africa and in the world in general. However, it is important to note that placement is not strictly structured to give back to the community on the part of the university (Perold Rahmat, 1997: 100). On the contrary, the major aim of placement is to provide the student with a link between theory and practice in learning. However, a critical analysis of the program will reveal that it has some aspects of community service in it. This is especially so when the student is attached to community based organisations such as NGOs which are providing free social services to the public. Conclusion This study critically looked at the impacts of undergraduate students’ engagement in c ommunity service in Africa. The researcher started by defining what community service is and what it entails. Some of the benefits and costs of community service to various stakeholders were analysed. The various forms of community service were also analysed as well as the various strategies that can be used by the universities in Africa to improve their community service programs. Recommendations for Future Research Future studies should make an effort to analyse how universities can improve their development partnerships with the communities. This is given the fact that there is very little data in this field touching on this topic Future studies should also try to analyse the impacts of other students apart from undergraduates as far as their engagement in community service in Africa is concerned. This is as a result of the realisation that other groups of students such as post-graduates are also involved in community service References Altman, D. G. (1995). Sustaining interventi ons in community systems: On the relationship between researchers and communities. Health Psychology, 14(6): 526-536. Andrea, C. (2000). Making a difference: Gender and participatory development. IDS, 2000: 5-30. Arnstein, S. R. (1969). A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of American Institute of Planners, 23: 216-224. Bebbington, A., Farrington, J. (1993). Governments, NGOs and agricultural development: Perspectives on changing inter-organisational relationships. The Journal of Development Studies, 29(2): 199-219. Bednarz, S. W., et al. (2008). Community engagement for students learning in geography. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 32(1): 87-100. Booth, M. (2006). Public engagement and practical wisdom. Perth: University of Western Australia Press. Bryant, J., West, M. (2011). Mutual benefits that can accrue to universities and communities from their interactions with each other. University Avenue, 2011: 80-86. Chambers, R. (2007). Who counts? The quiet revolutio n of participation and numbers. IDS Working Paper, 296: 1-42. Colby, A., et al. (2011). The role of higher education in preparing undergraduates for lives of civic responsibility. University Avenue, 2011: 51-57. Cooke, B., Kothari, U. (2001). Participation: The new tyranny? London: Zed Books. D’Exelle, B., Riedl, A. (2008). Elite capture, political voice and exclusion from aid: An experimental study. CESifo, 2008: 1-32. Durham, D. (2004). Disappearing youth: Youth as a social shifter in Botswana. American Ethnologist, 31(4): 589-605. Dwayne, B. A., Palmer, R. J. (2006). Examining the effects of perceptions of community and recreation participation on quality of life. Social Indicators Research, 75(3): 395-418. Edmunds, D., Wollenberg, E. (2002). A strategic approach to multi-stakeholder negotiations. Development and Change, 32(2): 231-253. Ferraiolo, K. (2011). Assessment strategies in civic engagement and higher education. University Avenue, 2011: 89-102. Gillette, A. (1 985). Youth, literacy and participation. International Review of Education, 31(4): 373-395. Goulding, A. (2009). Engaging with community engagement: Public libraries and citizen involvement. New Library World, 110(1): 37-51. Hartslief, O. (2005). The South African presidential participation program. Presidential Imbizo, 1-19. Hellebrandt, J. (2008). The role of service learning in the new Carnegie Classification for Community Engagement in Spanish language teaching and learning: Policy, practice and performance. Hispania, 91(1): 222-224. Hellison, D. (2009). Engaging urban youths: A youth development perspective. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation Dance, 80(8): 27-34. Hewson, J., et al. (2010). Enhancing social work research education through research field placements. Contemporary Issues in Education Research, 3(9): 7-15. Horm, D. M., Warford, S. D. (2003). Bridging the gap through community collaboration: An evolving role for child development laboratory programs. Advance s in Early Education Day Care, 12: 142-147. Hustinx, L. (2005). Bifurcated commitment, priorities and social contagion: The dynamics and correlates of volunteering within a university student population. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 26(4): 523-538. Jehan, L. (2004). Business-community partnerships: The case for community organisation capacity building. Journal of Business Ethics, 53(3): 297-311. Jones, S., Hill, K. (2003). Understanding patterns of commitment: Student motivation for community service involvement. The Journal of Higher Education, 74(5): 516-539. Long, N. (1999). The multiple optic of interface analysis: UNESCO background paper on interface analysis. Wageningen University, October 1999: 1-24. Madzivhandila, P. et al. (2005). Effective regional improvement and innovation networks: Critical success factors and critical failure factors. Web. Mobley, C. (2007). Breaking ground: Engaging undergraduates in social change through service learning. Teaching Soc iology, 35(2): 125-137. Osvaldo, C., Gustavo, S. (2011). A public citizen: The civic role of an educational institution for the betterment of society. University Avenue, 2011: 24-31. Perold, H., Rahmat, O. (1997). Community service in higher education: A concept paper. The Joint Education Trust, 1997: 3-107. Platteau, J.P., Gaspart, F. (2008). The ‘elite capture’ problem in participatory development. Centre for Research on the Economics of Development , 2008: 1-40. Ribot, J. C. (1999). Decentralization, participation, and accountability in Sahelian Forestry: Legal instruments of political-administrative control. University of California, 1999: 1-48. Ribot, J.C. (2005). Choosing representation: Institutions and powers for decentralized natural resource management. London: Earthscan. Shortall, S. (2004). Social or economic goals, civic inclusion or exclusion? An analysis of rural development theory and practice. Sociologia Ruralis, 44(1): 109-123. Sithole, B. (2005). B ecoming men in our dresses! Womens involvement in a joint forestry management project in Zimbabwe. Harare: Harare Press. Timms, J., et al. (2005). Effective regional improvement and innovation networks: Critical success factors and critical failure factors. Web. Ugochi, D. (2007). Improving health, improving lives: Impact of African Youth Alliance and new opportunities for programs. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 11(3): 18-27. Vermeulen, S. (2005). Handbook to tools and resources for policy influence in resource management. London: McGraw-Hill. Vermeulen, S., Nawir, A. A., Mayers, J. (2003). Better livelihoods through partnerships? A review of the impacts of deals between communities and forestry companies on local development. Rural Livelihoods, Forests and Biodiversity, 2003: 1-18. Wilson, D. (2011). Key features of successful university-community partnerships. University Avenue, 2011: 17-23.

The Generation Y of China Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Generation Y of China - Research Paper Example The government of China uses media to govern the thoughts, emotions, and opinions of all people of China in generation and the generation Y of China in particular. The government of China is schizophrenic about the policy of media as the government â€Å"GOES BACK AND FORTH, TESTING THE LINE, KNOWING THEY NEED PRESS FREEDOM--AND THE INFORMATION IT PROVIDES--BUT WORRIED ABOUT OPENING THE DOOR TO THE TYPE OF FREEDOMS THAT COULD LEAD TO THE REGIME'S DOWNFALL† (Economy cited in Bennett para. 3). The government of China uses different kinds of methods to compel the journalists to impose the censors instead of acquiring the risk of punishment. The tactics used by the government include but are not limited to demotions and dismissals, suing the journalists for the libel, fining the journalists, and shutting the news outlets down. In addition to that, many journalists who have been considered to be overstepping the boundaries established by the government to educate the generation Y a nd provide them with unbiased information and facts have been imprisoned. â€Å"AS OF DECEMBER 2012, CHINA WAS THIRD TO IRAN AND TURKEY FOR MOST JAILED JOURNALISTS IN A SINGLE COUNTRY WITH AT LEAST THIRTY-TWO JOURNALISTS IMPRISONED† (Bennett para. 18). The government of China controls China’s Generation Y through media. ... 9). The Generation Y cannot tell what content is being hidden by the censors. The manipulations, in certain cases are subtle. This is evident from the fact that trying to use Google.cn to search the â€Å"Republic of China† leads them to the results about the history of China between 1912 and 1949 when the communists were not empowered and the mainland was referred to as the â€Å"Republic of China† whereas use of the same keywords on Google.com leads them to the sites in Taiwan. The Generation Y of China lives in a suppressed condition in an authoritarian state wherein the constitutionally paramount authority is the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Members of the CCP possess nearly every top position in such institutions as military, police, and government. â€Å"REPRESSION AND COERCION, PARTICULARLY AGAINST ORGANIZATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS INVOLVED IN RIGHTS ADVOCACY AND PUBLIC INTEREST ISSUES, WERE ROUTINE† (â€Å"China (includes Tibet† para. 2). The authori ties impose tight restrictions on the freedom of practicing religion, assembling, and traveling of the members of the generation Y of China who are deemed politically sensitive. â€Å"POLITICAL LEGITIMACY IN CHINA OVER THE PAST THREE DECADES HAS BEEN BUILT AROUND FAST ECONOMIC GROWTH, WHICH IN TURN HAS RELIED ON A CHEAP AND WILLING YOUNG LABOR FORCE† (Feng 244). In the recent years, the government’s efforts to solace the public interest lawyers and the political activists have increased and the authorities are increasingly making use of extralegal measures to prevent the expression of independent opinions by the public. Such extralegal measures include but are not limited to soft detention, enforced disappearance, and house arrest. In addition to

Homelessness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Homelessness - Essay Example There are a number of factors that have contributed towards homelessness in the nation. The National Coalition for the Homeless (NCH), in this regard, identifies two dominant trends that have been responsible for the rise of homelessness: â€Å"a growing shortage of affordable rental housing and a simultaneous increase in poverty† (National Coalition for the Homeless, Why Are People Homeless?). Poverty and homelessness are interrelated as poor people very often are forced to sacrifice their desire for housing in order to meet other basic needs food, clothing and healthcare. Unemployment, unstable employment, low-wages, lack of affordable housing for the poor, excessive waiting lists for public housing, and decline in public assistance are other significant predictors for homelessness (NCH, Why Are People Homeless?). It is worthwhile to review the definition of homelessness and to identify the dominant demographic characteristics of homelessness in the nation. Homeless people are defined as â€Å"individuals who lack a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence;† this definition takes into account people who share the housing of others; people who live in motels or camping grounds; people who are in emergency or transitional shelters; abandoned children who await foster care placement; and migratory children (NCH, Who is Homeless?). Reviewing the demographic characteristics 39% of the homeless population comprised of children below the age of 18 whereas 25% of the homeless were individuals in the age category of 25 to 34 (NCH, Who is Homeless?). Similarly, males were more likely to be homeless than females. However, homeless families with children have considerably increased in the past decade. Regarding the ethnicity of homelessness, African-Americans form the majority of the homel ess population (49%) followed by Caucasian (35%), Hispanic (23%), Native American (2%), and 1% of Asians (NCH, Who is Homeless?). It has also been observed by NCH that

Student Nurses Perceptions of Gender Essay Example for Free

Student Nurses Perceptions of Gender Essay Though they may be half a world away, nursing schools in India face problems similar to those in the United States when it comes to recruiting men. The results of this research of nursing students in Pondicherry, India, may surprise you. by S. Sridevy, B. S. N. , M. S. N. , M. A. , M. Phil. †¢ RSS †¢ Print †¢ E-mail †¢ Comment †¢ MN 2011 Spring [pic] Though they may be half a world away, nursing schools in India face problems similar to those in the United States when it comes to recruiting men. The following study sought to discern the opinions of 78 senior nursing students studying in and around Pondicherry, India, regarding gender roles in their field. It aimed to determine the following: 1. Whether nursing students have different opinions of what professional roles male and female nurses should occupy. 2. Whether gender affects the image and status of the nursing profession. The results of the survey indicated that most of the nursing students prefer men to occupy administrative or teaching positions. Additionally, there were statistically significant results between female and male students perceptions surrounding the effect of males on the image and status of nursing. These findings may impact local nursing education recruitment programs for both men and women, and perhaps the health service organization as a whole. Men in nursing Though they still represent a slim minority, men are increasingly pursuing careers in nursing, attracted by abundant job opportunities, good salaries, and the opportunity to make a difference in peoples lives. This is in no small part due to the fact that the nursing profession has worked for years to dispel misconceptions surrounding men in this female-dominated field. What is interesting about todays perceptions of gender in nursing is that until the days of Florence Nightingale in the late 19th century, nursing was a male-dominated profession. 1  Nightingale considered nursing a suitable job for women because it was an extension of their domestic roles. Her image of the nurse as nurturing, domestic, humble, and self-sacrificing became prevalent. Qualities associated with women, like compassion and dependency, align with those often attributed to nurses. 2  In modern times, the social construction of the role of a nurse has typically meant a caring, hardworking woman. Nursing, in the span of Nightingales lifetime, became identified as a profession deeply embedded in the female gender. 3 On the other side of the gender divide, men who enter nursing may still face questions about their masculinity or sexuality. Sociologists describe sex role socialization as instrumental for men and expressive for women. The characteristics of instrumental socialization include aggression and the ability to compete, lead, and wield power to accomplish tasks. Expressive socialization includes learning to nurture and be sensitive to needs of others. Many female dominated positions, including nursing, have difficulty attracting male recruits. This can be attributed in part to issues such as status and pay, but also to the gender stereotyping of the profession. Although the number of males in nursing has increased in recent years, the underlying feminization of nursing is still an important issue.   Persistent and outdated gender stereotypes are a big part of the problem. [pic] Today, men still only make up between 5%–10% of the nursing workforce in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. Although its a small percentage, todays statistics actually represent an over 20% increase in the number of male nurses in the past two decades. 5There are many supposed reasons for the lack of men in nursing. For example, if a mans peers consider nursing emasculating, he has a disincentive for becoming a nurse. Another reason suggested is the lower economic status associated with the nursing field. 3  However, the most commonly proposed reason is that men are less likely to enter jobs associated with women than women are to enter those positions traditionally held by men. Despite the obvious disproportion of male nurses to all men, studies have also shown men are overrepresented in senior nursing posts. 2  They achieve promotion more quickly than women at all levels of the nursing hierarchy above the entry-level positions. This could be attributed to the vast difference in the number of female nurses who work part time, compared to part-time male nurses. Some researchers suggest that managers perceive part-time female staff to be less attached to their careers. 7  Studies have consistently reported that one of the major reasons for womens slower progress in nursing is the number and length of career breaks taken, particularly to have children. One such study indicated that women were 10 times more likely than men to have taken a career break to care for children.   Furthermore, male nurses may be thought to bring stability to the nursing profession, which had always been considered at the mercy of marriage and motherhood, reflecting hidden advantages for men and disadvantages for women. 1 Study specifics Participants were assured informed consent and confidentiality. All students received an explanation of the study before introduction of the questionnaire, and only those who agreed to participate continued. Students names were not sought in the questionnaires and their confidentiality was respected. Sixty-two percent of those surveyed were female and 38% were male. The first part of the survey included socio-demographic data, while the second part asked students about their perception of males in nursing and the effects of recruiting males to the field. The third section asked students about their perception of gender stereotypes. Questions included: 1. How do you feel about men in nursing? 2. Do you think nursing is a womans job? 3. Do men and women differ in their professional role? What do you think are the suitable work places and positions fit for male nurses? 5. What do you think of the effect of men on the image of nursing? Male nurses as perceived by both genders Most of the female students and nearly half of the male students chose emergency units as the most suitable area for male nurses. Nearly 42% of the female nurses preferred men to work as instructors in nursing schools after graduation. There were significant differences between both genders perceptions about the nursing positions men should occupy after graduation. While 48% of the female students considered men as staff nurses, most of the male students said they should occupy administrative (40%) or teaching posts (38%) after graduation. Significant differences were also found between the female and male students perceptions regarding the effect of males on the image of nursing. When asked if men improve the image of nursing, 54% of the female respondents agreed, compared to 90% of the male respondents. Cultural values, a lack of understanding about what nurses really do at work, and the way nurses are portrayed in popular media highly affect the public image of nursing. The results of the survey show that male students prefer administrative/instructional positions after graduation. In contrast, female students said they more often preferred men to assume staff nurse positions. While there are difficulties for men working in female-dominated professions, male nurses tend to have a faster and more straightforward career progression than their female counterparts. Male students exhibited gender role tension about nursing, as 43% considered nursing a female profession. Some research reports numbers as high as 82% of male high school students would not choose nursing as a career, believing it should be a female-only profession. 9, 10) Conclusions and recommendations The results of this study indicate that nursing continues to be seen as a female-dominated profession, especially by male students, despite the ever-increasing number of men in nursing. Stereotypical notions of gender roles possibly affect male students desire to occupy administrative positio ns after graduation, though further studies are needed. Nursing as a profession can only benefit from a talent pool drawing a proportionate number of men. Nursing schools, health care organizations, and the media should continue to advocate for the profession, portraying positive images of the field and male nurses. A community education campaign to improve the image of nursing could also be initiated. To emphasize a nurses role identity without any gender segregations, school educators should encourage students to manage gender-related problems.